Timeline — Kumturu, Guntur, India

A single table of dated claims, from the first tools on this Deccan to the morning of 15 August 1947. Nothing is entered here unless a date, or a careful range, stands in the research behind this site. Soft tradition is labelled as such.

Date	What we can say
Palaeolithic (undated in published site reports used here)	The official district profile states that palaeolithic implements have been found on this Deccan.
c. 1000–300 BCE	Megalithic horizon given for the menhir fields at Karampudi (Nagaleru) and Gangalakunta (near Macherla). First noticed by J. S. Boswell, 1870–71.
5th century BCE (official / traditional memory)	District memory identifies a kingdom of Prataliputra / Pratipalapura with Bhattiprolu. The published stupa inscriptions are later (below).
Around 230 BCE / not later than 200 BCE	King Kuberaka (Khubiraka; official pages: Kubera) heads a town gosthi at Bhattiprolu. Relic caskets name bodily relics of the Buddha. Bühler: not later than 200 BCE. Shimada: ca. 200–100 BCE.
Early centuries BCE – 2nd century BCE	Earliest Amaravati inscriptional horizon; earliest architectural or sculpted remains at the Mahachaitya seem post-Mauryan, from the second century BCE. An Asokan foundation is possible in memory, not proved.
c. 40–20 BCE onward	Sada kings in the Krishna valley; capital probably Dhanyakataka. Velpuru pillar of Maha Sada / Siri Sada. Sada coins from Vaddamanu (excavated 1981–85).
1st century CE	Prakrit / Brahmi inscription at Chebrolu: gift of a cloister mandapa and chaitya — earliest epigraphic mutt noted in the 2019 ASI briefing.
207 CE	Satavahana king Vijaya, year 5: Sanskrit Brahmi pillar at Chebrolu (ancient Tambrape). ASI: earliest datable Sanskrit inscription from South India so far.
c. 225–310 CE (3rd–4th centuries)	Ikshvakus at Vijayapuri (Nagarjunakonda). Named kings include Chamtamula, Virapurushadatta, Ehuvala Chamtamula, Rudrapurushadatta. Rudrapurushadatta attested at Gurazala.
Late 3rd – early 4th century	Pallava presence: Simhavarman I, Manchikallu stone, circa 295–330 CE. Mayidavolu plates of Sivaskandavarman address an official at Dhannakada (Dhanyakataka).
Later 4th – earlier 5th century	Ananda gotrins at Kandarapura (Chejerla mandal). Three kings in three records: Kandara, Attivarman, Damodaravarman. Conventional handbook span 335–425 CE.
5th – early 7th century	Vishnukundins in the standard histories; a record at Velpur. Rule in Vengi closes when Pulakeshin II and Kubja Vishnuvardhana take the country, about 616–624.
Early to mid-7th century	Undavalli caves: ASI Amaravati Circle dates the earliest phase here on style. Popular and tourism accounts still give the 4th–5th centuries and the Vishnukundins. Both are named on the Ancient page.
c. 640 CE	Xuanzang describes To-na-kie-tse-kia (Dhanakataka). Standard identification since the nineteenth century: Dharanikota–Amaravati.
624 CE	Eastern Chalukya kingdom of Vengi begins under Kubja Vishnuvardhana (r. 624–641), titled Vishamasiddhi.
22 January 669 CE	Pune copper plates of Vishnuvardhana II, first regnal year: earliest known epigraphical mention of the town as Kumturu.
9th century	Chebrolu’s Bhimeswara attributed to Eastern Chalukya Chalukya Bhima. Temple cluster at Chebrolu placed in the 9th–12th centuries.
922–929 (official profile; grant undated)	Ederu / Idern plates of Amma I: village Gonturu / Gomturu with twelve hamlets. Form continues in inscriptions into the 14th century.
c. 1075 – c. 1200	Chalukya–Chola overlordship in Andhra. On the ground, Velanati Chodas, Kotas, Kondapadumatis, and Haihayas are the local lords.
1103	Satrasala inscription of Beta I — earliest dated Palnad Haihaya record used here.
1118, 1129, 1137	Further Haihaya inscriptions (Bhungubanda; Gurazala).
1132	Amrutaluru (Tenali countryside): Gonkaya Boya, vassal of Kulottunga Rajendra Choda, gifts fifty sheep for a lamp. Village named Amrutanuru.
1147	Peddakodamagandla: joint gift of Velanati and Palnad officers. The district page also mentions two later inscriptions of 1147 and 1158 for the town name; those two texts are not independently cited here.
c. 1157–1158	Kakatiya Prola II killed in the Velanadu war. Several houses claim the deed.
1172	Appikatla (Bapatla mandal): Velanati Kulottunga Rajendra Choda, land and biruda-madas for a temple.
c. 1178–1182 (conventional; district page 1180)	Palnadu civil war as remembered. Haihayas of Gurazala are in the stones; the battle as sung is later literature.
1182–1231	Kota Keta II inscriptions, from Amaravati to Panidem.
1163	Rudradeva of the Kakatiyas proclaims sovereignty (Anumakonda). Coastal Andhra comes into their orbit in stages.
1213, 21 April 1235	Jayapa of the Ayya family at Chebrolu, under Ganapatideva: city of Shanmukha conferred; Chodesvara temple built.
1215	Kakatiya record at Durgi (Palnad).
1244–45 (Saka 1166)	Motupalli Abhaya-sasana of Ganapatideva: security of cargo and fixed duties for sea-going merchants. Old Guntur / Bapatla coast.
1261 (Saka 1183)	Malkapuram Nandi-pillar: Ganapatideva and Rudramadevi grant villages to Visvesvarasivacarya; college, matha, choultry, hospitals.
c. 1262–1289/95	Rudrama. Durgi record, 1269.
1299–1322	Prataparudra II inscriptions thick in Palnad and Sattenapalle, including Karempudi (1303, 1316), Macherla (1313–14), Motupalli (1322).
13th century	Telugu inscriptions of Yadava-Chodas at Kondavidu fort — the hill already built and inscribed before the Reddi capital.
1323	Warangal falls. Kakatiya imperial history in this tract ends.
c. 1325–1448	Reddi kingdom: first capital Addanki; later Kondavidu (move in the mid-14th century).
14th century	Telugu grant on Rudrapada peak, Kondavidu: vrittis for a Siva temple. Ruler’s name not on the surviving fragment.
1454–1455	Gajapati governor Ganadeva alias Rautaraya at Kondavidu; grant of Chavali, 1455.
23 June 1515	Krishnadevaraya: Kondavidu surrenders. Inscriptions at Mangalagiri, Kaza, and Kondavidu. After the fall he visits Amaresvara at Dharanikota.
1520	Mangalagiri pillar records the 1515 capture; Nadendla Gopa still governor of Kondavidu (Saka 1442).
1538	Mangalagiri grant in the reign of Sadasiva Raya.
1531, 1536/37, 1579	Usual list of Golconda attempts on Kondavidu.
April 1579	Ibrahim Qutb Shah takes Kondavidu after bombardment. The sarkar becomes Murtazanagar.
1579–1687	Qutb Shahi Circars. Named officers in South Indian Inscriptions vol. 10 include Eklaskhan, governor of Kondavidu and Addanki (c. 1600), and Malka Amin at Aminabad (1592).
1687	Aurangzeb takes Golconda. The Circars pass, with Hyderabad, into the Mughal empire.
1724	Asaf Jah (Nizam-ul-mulk) de facto independent. The Circars sit in his orbit.
1723	French factory at Yanam, from Masulipatam — same coastal system, not Guntur town.
1752–1759	French headquarters at the ancient village of Guntur. Kondavid granted to the French, 1752.
1759	British take Masulipatam. Coast from the Gundlakamma to Chilka leaves French hands.
1765	Shah Alam II grants the five Circars to the Company.
12 November 1766	Treaty of alliance with Nizam Ali.
1 March 1768	Treaty of Masulipatnam. Guntur excepted as the jagir of Basalat Jang.
1782	Death of Basalat Jang.
1788	Guntur under British administration (1789 in one treaty essay; this site follows 1788).
July 1791; famine 1791–92	Tidal wave; then famine so severe that an estimated sixth of the poorer labouring people died.
1823	Nizam’s remaining Circar claims bought outright.
31 July 1842	J. C. F. Heyer reaches Guntur, invited by Collector Henry Stokes (Collector 1842–1852).
1852–1855	Krishna anicut and canals, after Court of Directors approval on 5 January 1850.
1854	Pharoah & Co. map of the District of Guntoor (J. & C. Walker, plate 23; Internet Archive / CDL, atlasofsouthernp00phar, leaf 57). Older Guntoor / Kistna survey sheet; shown on To Independence.
1859	Guntur district abolished; territory divided between Krishna and Godavari.
1866	Guntur municipality constituted. First elected body, 1881. II-Grade 1891; I-Grade 1917.
29 November 1883	Anna Sarah Kugler reaches Guntur. Medical appointment, December 1885. Dispensary, February 1893.
September 1885	American Evangelical Lutheran Mission College affiliated to the University of Madras.
17 March 1893	Watts Memorial opened by Lord Wenlock.
June 1897	Mission hospital opened (22 or 23 June), 50 beds.
1901	Town population 30,833. Area later used for the 1904 district: 1,490,635 people. Cotton presses and ginning already in being.
1902	Konda Venkatappayya founds Krishna Patrika.
1 October 1904	Guntur district reconstituted. Headquarters again at Guntur.
April 1907	Bipin Chandra Pal speaks in Guntur.
1908	Andhra Christian College students join Swadeshi / national education under Konda Venkatappayya.
1909	Kotappakonda riot, Mahasivaratri. Tenali taluk split into Tenali and Repalle, 1 July 1909.
26 May 1913	First Andhra Conference (Andhra Mahasabha), Bapatla. About 800 delegates.
1914	First two women students at the college; it becomes co-educational.
1919–1921	Chirala–Perala municipal satyagraha. About 13,000 of some 15,000 people walk out to Ramanagar, April 1921.
1921–22	Palnad Pullari (forest-tax) satyagraha. Pedanandipadu no-tax, January 1922.
1924–1938	Virginia tobacco spreads in Guntur after 1920; large areas by 1924. Barns: about 200 (1930), 2,500 (1934), nearly 5,000 (1938).
March–July 1926; January 1928	College upgraded to first-grade; affiliated to Andhra University; named Andhra Christian College.
1927	Simon Commission boycott at Ongole (then in Guntur district). Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church organised.
1930–31	Salt / Civil Disobedience. Konda Venkatappayya jailed in 1930 (again 1932 and 1942).
12 August 1942	Quit India at Tenali. Firing kills seven: Majeti Subba Rao, Srigiri Lingam, Bhaskaruni Lakshminarayana, Tammineni Subba Reddy, Gali Ramakotaiah, Prayaga Raghavaiah, Jasti Appaiah.
15 August 1947	Independence. Guntur is still a district of Madras Presidency. This timeline ends. Andhra State, 1953, is beyond this site.